Single-tube control circuit for horizontal and vertical deflecting systems of a television receiver



2 Sheets-Sheet l F. A. WISSEL ET AL am n WMS R l l f mm AW. .9%A uN/ OAK MMM Hmm FNF DEFLECTING SYSTEMS OF A TELEVISION RECEIVER SINGLE-TUBE CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL March 20, 1956 Filed Feb. 2. 1950 March 20, 1955 F. A. wissel. ETAL 2,739,182

SINGLE-TUBE CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEFLECTING SYSTEMS OF A TELEVISION RECEIVER Filed Feb. 2. 1950 l 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 //OZ fa E l" E 70 VERT/CHL PDEFL E C TING .SYSTEM ==\/36 v51-EM 3 7 l JNVENToRs 0 38 Z FnA/vc/s A. w/ssEL NORMAN W PARKER FRA/VK L. WED/G i l if] 5% @i 641,-/

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United States Patent() SINGLE-TUBE CONTRL CHRCUIT FDR HORI- ZONTAL AND VERTECAL DEFLECTING SYS- TEMS F A TELEVISIN RECEIVER Francis A. wissel, Norman W. Parker, ami Frank L.

Wedig, Cincinnati, Ghia, assignors to Aveo Manufacturing Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio, a corporation of Delaware Application February 2, 1950, Serial No. 141,984

5 Claims. (Cl. Uli-7.3)

The present invention relates to television receivers and specically to a fundamentally novel circuit which utilizes a single electron tube to perform the functions of separating the synchronizing signals from the composite detected signal, providing separated vertical synchronizing pulse signals for controlling the vertical deflecting system and providing a unidirectional control potential for automatically governing the operating frequency of the horizontal deilecting system.

The discussion of the prior art is necessarily abbreviated because the literature and known public use do not show any single-tube circuit which is capable of performing these functions in a commercially adequate manner. It is customary to use at least one tube or equivalent for separating the composite vertical and horizontal synchronizing pulses from the detected video signal, and at least two other tubes or equivalent and dilferentiation and integration networks for amplifying the vertical and horizontal pulses and separating them the one from the other. At least one additional tube is employed in performing the automatic frequency control (AFC) function and developing a unidirectional potential suitable for controlling the operating frequency of the horizontal dellecting system. The invention is directed to a reduction in this large number of tubes.

ln accordance with the invention shown in the copending patent application Serial No. 141,942 of Norman W. Parker, led simultaneously herewith in the United i States Patent Oiiice, entitled Automatic Frequency Control Circuit, now U. S. Patent No. 2,561,817, issued July 24, 1951, and assigned to the same assignee as the present application and invention, a plate-keyed AFC tube circuit has been developed. The present invention represents a utilization of certain principles set forth in the aforementioned Parker patent, together with other principles herein set forth.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a single tube having an input circuit which is coupled to the video channel and a pair of output circuits from one of which the automatic horizontal frequency control potential is obtained and from the other of which separated vertical synchronizing pulses of suicient amplitude to control the vertical deiiection system are obtained. Broadly stated, the principal object of the present invention is to provide a single tube stage which replaces the plurality of tubes hereinbefore employed for the separation and amplification of synchronizing signals and for the development of the AFC potential.

Stated in a dierent manner, a basic object of the invention is to provide a single tube stage which so intercouples the video channel and the horizontal and vertical deilecting systems that it completely controls the operation of both systems and at the same time realizes the known advantages of indirect synchronization control of the horizontal deilecting system.

Another fundamental object of the present invention is to provide a relatively simple, very effective, and novel circuit arrangement for isolating the horizontal and ver- ICC tical deliecting systems from each other in such amanner that coupling between the horizontal and vertical oscillators is minimized. This isolation is accomplished in accordance with the present invention by utilizing principles which have heretofore not been applied to separation and control functions and by exploiting these principles in a very simple and economical manner.

For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further advantages, objects and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following description of the accompanying drawings, in which there is disclosed a television receiver circuit including an illustrative embodiment of synchronizing signal separator and control circuit in accordance with the present invention.

In the drawings: v

Fig. l is a circuit schematic of a television receiver including a combined synchronizing signal separator and AFC control-potential-developing circuit in accordance with the invention;

Fig. 2 is a circuit schematic of a modified form of the invention incorporating circuit features by which the pulses employed for anode-keying purposes are delayed;

Fig. 3 is a circuit schematic showing a modified form of coupling network for applying retrace pulses to the control tube anode circuit;

Fig. 4 is a circuit schematic showing a portion of an alternative form of video amplifier output circuit which may be used in conjunction with the invention; Fig. 5 is a circuit schematic of an alternative form of grid coupling circuit which may be used in conjunction with the invention;

Fig. 6 shows a modiiied form of control circuit in accordance with the invention in which screen current pulses rather than cathode current pulses are integrated for purposes of vertical synchronizing signal stripping;

Fig. 7 is another modified form of the invention in which plate current pulses are initiated by keying pulses applied to the suppressor electrode; and

Fig. 8 is still another modified form of the invention in which the sensitivity of the horizontal AFC potential developing circuit is reduced during the time of the vertical sync pulses in order to minimize apparent misinformation received at those times.

For the purpose of fixing primary attention on the features which are provided in accordance with the present invention, there follows a paraphrased form of one of the original claims appended hereto, with reference numerals parenthetically furnished. In accordance with that claim to the invention, we provide:

In a television receiver of the type which includes a source (l0-14, output of 16) of positive-polarity composite video and horizontal and vertical pulse signals, a directly synchronized vertical deecting system S6 and an indirectly synchronized horizontal deecting system 41 ofthe type which is controlled by a unidirectional frequency-control potential, a circuit 40 for separating the synchronizing pulses from the composite signals and for developing the unidirectional (AFC) control potential comprising, in combination: an electronic tube 32 having at least a cathode 80, a control electrode 81, a screen grid 83 and an anode 84, means 34, 35, 36 for applying said composite signals to the control electrode circuit of said tube including grid-biasing means 36, 35 for confining cathode current conductivity of said tube 32 during broadcast reception to the periods of said synchronizing pulses, an integrating circuit comprising a parallel combination of a resistor 37 and a capacitor 85 in the cathode circuit of said tube for stripping the vertical synchronzing pulses by integration of cathode current, means for applying said vertical synchronizing pulses to the vertical deecting system, means for supplying po tential to the screen to cooperate with the grid bias to causecathodeurrenttoiiow'only during the application of `said synchronizing pulses to-said controlelectrodel-in an amount substantially independent of applied anode voltage, means 38 coupled to the horizontal deliecting systemforapplying'retrace pulses to the anode: 84'circu'it 'of `said tube 32 toproduce pulses of `plate'current rby diversion .of some -of the cathode currentifrom screento anode.du'ring periods of' coincidence between said retrace pulses -and the `horizontal synchronizing `components of said: compositeV signals,` 'means' 87,'88 for integrating'said plate-current pulses into said desired unidirectional vcontrolipotential, and means y'92,-'93 for applying saidv con- -trol potential -to'said horizontal detiecting' system.

"Ourcombine'd synchronizing signal separator andautomaticfrequency controlv system isshown as incorporated ina-televisionreceiver'which may benegardedas conventional'for the-purposes of rthis caseexceptin the respects `*hereinafter Jpointed out. This illustrativev receiver comprises a radio amplifier stage? to'whi'ch the input'carriersignals are applied,- and the following stages in casca'de -therewith an' loscillator-modulator 115 for^con vertingthe received-carrier signalsto 'intermediateifrequency signals,(it being understood thatthe'unitsl'and I1 aretunable toselect a desired television broadcast -channel) tirst and' second intermediz'ite frequency' amplitying-stages 12, third and'fourth intermediatefrequency amplifyingstages, `avideo detector "stage 14,' and' an output unit `-symbolically shown `within'the dashed "outline 15. This receiver is of the intercarriersoun'd type, as generallyvshown'and described in U. S. PatentNo. 2,448,908'to` Parker, anditwill`be understood 'thatfurther amplilication of4 the'cornposite'video'signals occurs withinthe output'unit 15, which includesa video amplitier' stagel'16and'conventional' circuitry for `coupling that stage to the input circuit of a cathode raypicture tube'17.

"The"elementscollectively indicated within the dashed outlineIS'are'purely conventional, as'arelikewise the units 10, "11,12, 13"and 14, so that 'further description thereof is deer-ned'unnecessary herein. Briefly, however, the"detector'output'is coupled tothe control electrode'of video-.amplifier tube "16-by an appropriate network (included within the block '14 and'not shown). Amplifier tube -16 has a grounded cathode,'and itszscreen is .connected to anappropriatesource of spacecurreut y(not Shown)--in`dicated by' the symbol -i-B, as byiaresistor'l, R.F.fbypassedfby`a capacitor -19. The'ano'de oftube 16 is coupled through a peaking coil'2t) anda' resonant circuit (comprising @a parallel combination ofan' inductor 21"'and'a capacitor L22) 'andL a coupling circuit '(comprisingI aL parallel combination `of a capacitor 23.'and acouplingwesistor' 24)'to'the 'cathode ofv a' cathode` ray, picture tube 1'7. `The^ano`deofthevideo'ampliiierhas aload comprising, in addition to the -series peaking inductor and"the`above=mentioned resonant circuit, .aseries combination `of'an inductor'f25 and a resistor 26 connected to a source iof space current +B(not shown).

'In order'tofacilitate fthe description of variousmodiiie'd forms of thepresentinvention, such terminals as Xand Yat the leads of resistor 4v26 are hereinshown. In .the y.description of some of y the .alternative constructions hereinbelow setforth, it will be understoodthat alternative `elements .bearing the reference letters4 -X and Y attheirterminalsmay be substituted for ytlleresistor hereinshown, for example.

'The-:catho'de of the picture'tube is normally positively biased from an-.appropriate .sourcey of space current f( indicated-by `the symbol +B and notshown) through -a series networkcomprising a'cornbination of resistors 27 and'ZS, resistor Vlsbeing connectedbetween thegpicture tbe'cathode'and ground. The grid is normally biased lesspositivelythan .the cathode (and .therefore negatively rla'tive'to 4the cathode) byacircuitcomprising a shunt lter capacitor. 29 anda potentiometer .'30 having .a sliding contact'31. connected to thegrid,.the terminals of the '4- resistor body being connected between the source of posi- The use of the expression-H2 herein should be deemed to apply to the positive terminal of any appropriate source of space current, and the reference letter is not necessarily always used to designate the same or a common source, since the choice of appropriate anode potentials-is'well known to those skilled in the art, so that itis notneces` sary speciiically to describe such sources herein.

The units 11, 12, 13, 14 and part of 15 are herein bri'y describedas to function, in that' they .comprise a source of composite video, horizontalsynchronizing' and verticalfsynchronizing signals. The signal output of the video amplifier stage is connected to the input circuit of our lnovel combined ,synchronizing` signalseparator and AFC potential control tube32 by anetwork comprising a conductor 33, a series resistor 34, a capacitor 35, and resistance to ground made up of a resistor 36 (between fg'ridland cathode of tube 32) and ka resistor37 (between 'cathode of tube' 32 an'cl ground).

"Theanode circuitfofcontrol tube 32 is periodically keyed'into'conductivity "(i.- e. current is'periodically diverte'dffrom the screen to the anode) by deflection-rate pulses which 'occur 'during the retrace intervals and lare applied to' lthe anode. These pulsesy are obtained from' a winding'which'isincludcd in thehorizontal output transformer assembly, shown within the 4rectangular j ia'sl1e'd-ol1'tline 39. lThe manner in which the retrace pulses y-are ydeveloped'will be explained in some detail. It willbe'vunderstood that one of the ultimate functions of'our'novel circuit, included within the 'dashed outline 40,"isto apply to the horizontal detieeting system (shown within=the dashed'outline 41.) a direct current control potential of suchy a magnitude as to maintain synchronism (i.e. a'predeterniined'desired, phase relationship between 'the-'synchronizing signals andthe ybacl; pulses).

'The horizontal deliecting systemwhich is shown within theldashed outline 41 is conventional and need not be described indetail herein. Brieiiy, however, unit'41'comprises the following principal components: va l blockingoscillator and'discharge tube 42, a power output tube 43, a'primary44'and a secondary 45 of an output transformer, a damping tube 46, and the-'horizontal deecting coils 47, "48.

"The'fblockingoscillator circuit comprisesa triode 42, an"autotransformerl orinductor"49, 'arranged in a series combinationwitha capacitorSt) `coupled betweenplate arid/grid, and "a'discharge capacitor 51 `effectively connected between Aa'tap 52 on the auto-transformer and ground. A resonant circuit'cornprising aparallel combinationofan'inductor 53, a capacitor"54 and'a -damping resistor 'L55 is l interposedbetween `this tap vand the "high potentialterminalof capacito151. Plate voltage is' sup plied to the blocking oscillator"through"a circuit comprising'conductorbt),"dropping resistor61, tap '52, and apartfoftrans'former "49. 'The sawtooth voltages arc developed Lfor'horizontal detlectionacross discharge capacitorSl, the tube 42 functioning not only as'a blocking` oscillatorl tube but'also as'adischarge tube. vThe blocking'rate'or'frequency of-oscillation of tube 42 is'controlle'dby causing the ldischarge of capacitor Si) to`reach the cut-offpoint at a'va'riable time controlled' by the /AFC potential output of unit 40.

`The'discharge capacitorlSl is coupled,fa`s by a capaci tor t'andA a 'grid-resistor '64, to the grid'of ahorizontal output amplifier tube 43,thelatter being 'providedwith arcathode resistor"65,"bypassed by'a 'capacitor' 66. The outputof this" amplifier stage' iscouple'd' by Ya'transfornfler network t44, v"45, to the ldeflecting 'coils '47, '48, and the current Ywaves appearing in the plate circuit ofthis amplifier-tube `43 areernployed to produce periodically recurring saw-tooth currentsof line frequency in. thosecoils, therebytodeectthe electronicbeam iu the .picture tubc at .lineffrequency .Thesystem intercoupling the horizontal outputtubeand graaien the deflection yoke will be understood by reference to the following patents and publications: Kiver, Television Simplified, pages 207-213, second edition, 1948, D.' Van Nostrand, Inc., New York; U. S. Patent No. 2,440,418, Tourshou. Reference to those publications is made for a detailed description of the network." Briefly, the primary 44 of the horizontal output transformer is magnetically coupled to a secondary 45 comprising series portions 67, 68 of which portion 68 is coupled across the horizontal deflecting coils of the yoke circuit. These coils form part of a yoke assembly (not shown) encircling the neck of the cathode ray image reproducing tube 17.

The voltage variations applied to the control electrode of power tube 43 produce a rising plate current in this tube during scansion, which current is cut off at the beginning of retrace time. The current in the deflection coils and the horizontal output transformer does not disappear at the instant of cut-off of tube 43, however, due to the inherent distributed capacity ofthe circuit. The inductance of these coils and the transformer, together with the abovementioned distributed capacity, forms a tuned circuit in which high frequency oscillations would normally be produced. These oscillations begin with' the start of retrace time and continue for one-half of the normal period of oscillation, the oscillation being stopped at the negative current peak by a series combination of a diode 46 and a capacitor 69 connected across the secondary. The polarities immediately following retrace are such that damper tube 46 conducts and continues to conduct until tube 43 again becomes conductive. The voltage developed across capacitor 69 is such as to increase or boost the voltage of the D. C. power source (not shown), connected to terminal 70. It will be noted that the anode potential supply for tube 42is completed to this terminal 70 through a circuit comprising resistor 71 and line 60.

The primary winding of the horizontal output transformer is connected to a capacitor 73 in such a manner that a varying voltage is developed across capacitor 73, which voltage is applied to capacitor 69 through an inductor 74 for purposes of linearity control, as explained in the etere-mentioned Tourshou patent. It will be understood that tube 43 receives its anode supply voltage through primary 44.

When the quick collapse of plate current through tube 43 occurs, at the end of trace, there is produced across winding 38, by reason of self-induction, a high voltage pulse. One of these pulses occurs during each retrace interval. They are known as flyback pulses or retrace pulses and they occur at line-detiection rate.

The elements beginning with reference number 42 and ending with the reference numeral 74 are herein shown for the purpose of disclosing an illustrative source of iiyback or keying or retrace or deflection-rate pulses employed in the control system provided in accordance with the invention. lThe retrace pulse source shown within the dashed outline 41 is illustrative and other arrangements for deriving deection-rate or retrace pulses from the horizontal detlecting system may be employed within the scope of the claims appended hereto.

Our novel circuit takes advantage of a certain principle explained in the aforementioned Parker Patent No. 2,561,817: developing the horizontal AFC potential by grid gating during sync pulse periods and plate keying during retrace. Parker Patent No. 2,561,817 presupposes the application of stripped synchronizing signal components. The present invention utilizes additional principles in order to eliminate separate synchronizing signal separation stages.

The primary objective to which the invention is addressed is the providing of a single tube for performing the function of sync signal separation, direct vertical control and indirect horizontal (AFC) control, and at the same time effectively isolating the horizontal and vertical control systems. We have appreciated that the known pentode synchronizing separator circuit, which normally has differentiating and integrating networks in its plate circuit for performing the inter-sync separating functions, provides effective separation of both synchronizing pulses from the composite input signals. We have appreciated that a screen grid tube functions in such a manner that its plate circuit can be made to perform the same function in developing AFC potential as the plate circuit of the control tube shown in the aforementioned Patent No. 2,561,817, while at the same time the isolation-of the plate circuit from the grid circuit is such that the sync separation function can be performed in the grid circuit without interference between the separate functions. We have also appreciated, in approaching this objective, that the cathode circuit of this tube may be employed to derive vertical synchronizing information.

1n accomplishing the objects of the invention in the illustrative embodiment shown in Fig. 1, we provide, for the performance of those functions, a pentode 32, having a cathode titl, a control electrbde or grid 81, a screen electrode or grid 83, a plate or anode S4, and a suppressor grid 94, the latter being here shown as connected to the cathode. The screen grid is operated ata relatively stable positive potential by connection to the source -l-B (not shown). The grids 83 and 94, particularly the screen grid 33, provide electrostatic shielding which substantially eliminates capacity coupling between the plate 84 and the control electrode S1. Additionally, a pentode can be so operated that the magnitude of space current is not substantially affected by the anode potential, in that the screen grid so isolates the plate from the grid that the number of electrons drawn away from the space charge is substantiallyindependent of the plate voltage. Terman, Radio Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., second edition, 1937, p. 129, states that the total space current of a pentode, while dependent on the control grid and screen grid potentials, is not substantially aected by plate voltage when the plate voltage is sufficiently large that no virtual cathode is formed. The total space current tends to be independent of plate voltage, and it varies with control grid potential. We so operate tube 32 that space current is confined to the periods of the horizontal and vertical synchronizing components. This means that electrons ow to screen $3 only when synchronizing pulse components of positive polarity are applied to grid S1. When no voltage is applied to anode 84 the anode circuit is not passing current at all. However, when a retrace pulse is applied to anode 84, although the total space current does not substantially change, some of the space current is diverted from the screen 83 to the plate 34, and the plate circuit then passes current. In accoi-dance with the invention, we utilize these advantages for the first time in isolating the horizontal and vertical deecting systems. The generation of control pulses in the anode circuit does not affect the sync amplitude separation function in the control electrode circuit for two reasons: l) the diversion of current from screen to plate does not substantially affect the total space current; (2) the plate is electrostatically shielded from the grid.

The term space current as herein employed is intended to designate the sum of the current passing from the cathode of tube 32 to the screen grid and the current which passes from the cathode to the anode. The term cathode current as used herein is intended to designate the sum of space current plus grid current, or total emission current. The terms anode current or plate current designate electron flow through anode 84. The term screen current designates electron flow through screen $3.

In the immediately following portion of the description of tube 32 and its associated circuits, primary emphasis is directed to the functioning of the tube effectively as a triode sync clipper for purposes of amplitude-separating the synchronizing signals from the composite signals. It will be parenthetically observed that the same tube functions as a plate-keyed, grid-gated amplifier tube for horizontal .AFC controlrpotential .developing .purposes. The tube `is grid -biased during actual television .signal receptionand-.hassuch a stable screen potentialapplied :to Yit that 'space -currenttows=only during .the synchronizing signalportions of the .composite signal applied tothe control electrode. The composite signal is sopoled that the synchronizing signals represent their maximum positive amplitude. :Negative .bias for the vcontrol .electrode .81 (which for purposes of grid rectification may .be .likened tosa vdiode plate) -is developed .across rcoupling capacitor 35due to .peakreetifying action. The discharge time constantof the-.gridbias ynetwork is determined by the parameters ofrcapacitor 35 and grid resistor 36, the latter being connected betweenv grid 81 and cathode 80. The control electrode circuittunctions as a negative clamping circuit so that-thepeaksof .the'synchronizing pulses are electivelyclamped atcathodetpotential and so that all portionsof thecomposite signal vbelow the superimposed synchronizing pulsey level :.are cut off (those portions including .videoandpedestalh thecomposite signal being presented vwith such amplitude .asto effect this operation. Sincetheflowofcathodecurrentis permitted only. during the` periodsof .the synchronizing pulses, the latter are occasionally referredfto herein `as gating pulses.

The space currentgated in this manner flows substantially. entirely to the screenelectrode 83 except during the portion of each retrace pulse which coincides with a gatingperiod. .During the intervals offcoincidence, space current is diverted vto the; plate circuit.

.It will lue-understood that spacecurrent flow in tube 32lisconfine`d to thevtiines when synchronizing pulses are applied to .the control electrode, under conditions of actual reception of television signals. The description of theoperation of.tube.32.as given herein. assumes the application of acomposite television signal to the control electrode in the proper polarity and further assumes actual practical. broadcast reception. Under those conditions controlgrid bias is developed. It willbe understood that in the absence of a signal there is a steady/D. C. component of screen current, no grid bias being developed under suchconditions. However, this operating condition is not assumed in thedescription of the operation of this invention.

The cathode currentpulses are applied to an integrating network comprising a yparallel combination of a capacitor'SSanda resistor 37, .connected between cathode 80.andground,.this networkfunctioning in a well-understoodmanner to.convert.theincreasingenergy during the vertical synchronizing. signal period into a voltage pulse whi'chris applied to the vertical delecting system 86 in a'knownmaunerand utilized to control its action by direct triggering.

'.Theintegrating circuit 37,` 8S.has a time constant which is longcompared witht'netduration of the horizontal pulse components butnot ywith respect to the vertical pulse components. Therefore, the capacitor S can charge by only a smallamount forthe short period of each horizontalpulse. The interval between horizontal pulses is so much longer than the horizontal pulse period that capacitor 85 has time to discharge substantially down to zero'between:thesepulses It is recognized that the equalizing pulsessupply energy at half line intervals, but since their .duration is .also one-half of the horizontal pulsewidth they have the same duty cycle and do not cause the capacitor 85 to change voltage. When the verticali-pulseis applied,:however, the integrated voltage across capacitor SSbuilds up to amplitude value required for triggering the vertical deecting system, indicated by the-blockform 86.

vAs .stated in Grob, YBasic .Television- 'lrriciples and Servicing, -rst edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., .New York, .1949, vtapage 282, The integrated voltage across'thecondenser builds up to reach itsmaximum amplitude. at.the` endofv thevertical pulse and then declines ,practically .to zerok for the =equalizing pulses and .horizontalipulses that follow, producing `a .pulse .of the .triangular waveshape .for thecomplete vertical synchronizing pulse. {Ihe pulses are repeated at the field .frequency .of per second. Therefore, .the .integrated Aoutput voltage across .the .condenser .can .be coupled to the vertical .scanning generator to vhold the vertical synchronization.

Sincea functionofour novel circuit is toprovidethe unidirectional .control potential `which is applied to .the horizontal-detlecting system v41,-speeiiically to the control electrode of blocking-oscillator tube 42, we .provide meansincluding a windingr38 in .the transformer-:unit 39 for :applying lto the anode-cathode circuit --84 of the tube 32.tly back pulses of positive polarity. .These pulses .aredeveloped during .the beam retrace intervals, which` occur atlinetfrequency. These pulses do not vkey the tube. 32 into space current conductivity. The space current conductivity -keying is accomplished by gating action of the synchronizing pulse components. The vily-back pulses key the anode circuit into conductivity in the sense that they periodically causesome of ythe space .current to-be diverted from-the screen ,grid circuit to the anode circuit. lt has been already stated that the ltube 32 is normally biased vto space current cut-oil. (which of courseincludes anode current cut-off) in the absenceof the synchronizing pulses. Nocurrent appears inthe anode .circuit 7unless .two .conditions are fulfilled: (l) space current.ow mustbe permitted bythe presence of synchronizing pulses; (2) .anode `current ow must be caused;by..the 4application of fly-back pulses. Therefore, current owrin the anode circuit of the tube 32 s ,conned yto .intervals ofcoincidence between synchronizing pulses andy-.back pulses. Theanode circuit of tube 32 sov operatesastogenerate vperiodic control pulses, the energy content-.or width or duration of which varies in accordance with the relative phases of the horizontal synchronizingpulses and the ily-back pulses. These controlpulsesare integrated by a network comprising a parallelzcombination of a.resistor 87 and a capacitor 88 toproduce the control potential, which is fed to the horizontal deecting systemil to control and synchronize the same. It will be observedthat the anode circuit of tube 32 comprises, in series, anode 84, secondary 3S, andthe integrating circuit 87, 88.

Winding, portion 38, being magnetically coupled to primary 44 and secondary- 45, serves as the immediate source of positiveyfback pulses (developed during retrace) of line frequencywhich periodicallykey the anode circuit into conductivity. Tube 32.platerecties into the timeconstantintegrating network .comprising resistor 87 and capacitorS.

The time constantof'thc network37, 88 must belong compared to theintervalbetween ily-back pulses. This network functionsfasa low pass lter which preferably should passifrequencies on the lorder of .30 cycles or less. Connected across the integrating network isa series combination of a resistor vS9 and a capacitor 90, whichfunctionsas an'anti-hunting'network. The theory of anti-hunting networks is -well known to the art and need notfbe further discussed herein. 'Such a network may be regarded as an error-ratecircuit-columns 2 and 3, p. `60, Radio andTelevision'News, January 1950, vol. 43,"No. 1, published by Ziff-Davis'Publishing Company, lSS'Northl Wabash Avenue, Chicagol, Illinois.

In the aforementionedParker Patent No. 2,561,817, there .is :shown .an AFC system in which the horizontal system control pulses are produced by keyingtherplate circuit of a tube into conductivity. yThe elements 84, 38, 87,.-88, 89 and 90.-herein disclosedare similar `to the corresponding-elementsshown in that patent, and the plate .circuitherein is also keyed into `conductivityzby y-.back pulses. fHowever, when'the'platetcircuit of. our Fig. .1 is so.keyed,:electron :flow is.diverted vfrom .the screensgrid. circuit to :ther anode circuit, :and that 'feature represents yanother distinction from said Parker Patent No. 2,561,817.

In this specific embodiment, the blocking oscillator 42 has a free-running frequency which is greater than that of the horizontal synchronizing pulses, i. e., greater than line frequency. In the absence of an AFC output from unit 40, in other words, the blocking oscillator would tend to run at a more rapid rate than deflection rate. A negative control potential is therefore employed to effect synchronism, and the condition necessary to accomplish this result in this illustrative case is that the initiation of the retrace pulse as applied to anode 84 occurs at or later than the initiation of the horizontal synchronizing pulse component, for reasons explained in the aforementioned Parker Patent No. 2,561,817, to which reference is accordingly made. The output plate current pulse of tube 32 has a total energy content or width or duration which is dependent on the above-mentioned interval of coincidence. Therefore, this plate current pulse is a measure of the corrective potential which is required as applied to blocking oscillator tube 42 to restore the desired phase relationship between order and response or between the horizontal synchronizing pulses and the horizontal ily-back pulses.

The direct current potential which is applied to the grid circuit of tube 42, through variable resistance 92 and 93, as shown, is obtained by integrating or averaging a' large number of plate current pulses, this function being performed by the integrating network 87, 88, into which tube 32 plate-rectiiies. The function of the integrating network is to convert a plurality of such pulses into a relatively steady control potential. Since the AFC potential is obtained in a manner bearing some points of similarity to that described in the aforementioned Parker Patent No. 2,561,817, some of the same important advantages are realized: (l) indirect synchronism and the immunity to noise which characterizes horizontal AFC circuits which are energy responsive rather than amplitude responsive; (2) plate circuit conductivity only during intervals of coincidence, so that there is immunity from noise during other periods; (3) high gain with respect to the generation of the AFC potential and dispensing with a direct current amplifier.

It will of course be understood that it is Within the spirit of the present invention and the claims appended hereto to employ any type of deflection generator, and the invention is not limited to utility with a blocking oscillator such as that indicated by the reference numeral 42, but it may be used with any deiiection signal generator of the type which is controlled as to frequency by a direct Vcurrent potential; for example, a multivibrator.

In the illustrative example shown, a 6AU6 type of tube is employed as the element 32, the characteristics of that tube indicating a negligible change in space current with changes in plate voltage.

As indicated, a significant advantage of this circuit is a minimum of coupling between the horizontal sweep oscillator and vertical synchronizing signals. Another advantage resides in the fact that the low plate to grid capacity of a screen grid tube, together with the plate keying operation, prevents the introduction of picture information into the horizontal deflection system and vice versa.

We realize other advantages by using the grid circuit elements of tube 32, inclusive of the cathode 80 and the control electrode 81, and associated elements 34, 35, 36, and 37, as a negative clamping circuit for eiectively clamping the peaks of the applied synchronizing pulses to the cathode potential level.

Assuming application of the keying pulses to the plate, the tube 32 is biased to cut-olf at a level preferably slightly above the pedestal height and below the peaks of the superimposed synchronizing pulse signals. When a synchronizing signal pulse is applied to tube 32 the grid 10 attempts to swing positive, but grid current iiows through the resistor 36 developing a voltage drop of such polarity as to oppose the positive input voltage. Since the full input voltage is the sum of the drop across resistor 34 and the drop across the grid-cathode resistance, the larger this resistor is with respect to the grid-cathode resistance, the more nearly the voltage on the grid is limited to that of the cathode. This drop across resistor 34 is considered as an automatic bias developed during the synchronizing signal pulse periods.

The grid circuit of tube 32 causes the tube to function not only as an amplifier but also as a limiter, so that two significant advantages accrue: First, our AFC circuit is not dependent on a critical predetermined amplitude of the applied synchronizing pulses, since it performs its own limiting functions; second, our AFC circuit, as herein shown in detail, possesses a degree of immunity to black noise superimposed on the synchronizing signal pulses, such noise pulses being reduced by the limiting action.

The control pulses appearing in the anode circuit of tube 32 are truly dependent on the intervals of coincidence between the horizontal synchronizing pulses and the retrace pulses, and they are not critically dependent on the amplitude of the synchronizing pulses. For this reason, a serious disadvantage which has heretofore characterized other systems of AFC control is eliminated.

Another advantage of the present invention resides in the fact that the impedance of the cathode circuit (between cathode and ground and inclusive of the relatively large capacitor as a parameter) is small with respect to the effective impedance between cathode 80 and grid 81 (inclusive of the inherent grid-cathode capacitance as a parameter) even at the highest video frequency. These two impedances function effectively as a voltage divider, the small impedance portion of which is across the cathode load, so that any picture information which may tend to be coupled into the cathode load by the cathode-grid inherent capacity is negligible.

While we do not desire to be limited to any specific circuit parameters, such parameters varying in accordance with the requirements of individual designs, the following circuit values have been found entirely satisfactory in one successful embodiment of the invention in accordance with Fig. l:

In a modified form of the invention in accordance with Fig. 2, the plate-keying pulses are delayed relative to the actual retrace pulses. This is accomplished by two distinct features, either of which eiectively and independently accomplishes some delay and could be designed to produce adequate delay, and both of which accomplished more delay than either alone.

A bias source, here shown as a battery 102 (Fig. 2) is inserted between terminal T (Fig. l) and ground. This battery has its positive terminal on the cathode side and its negative terminal connected to ground. it does not affect grid bias relative to cathode because both grid and cathode are connected directly or indirectly to terminal S. This battery biases the cathode positively relative Yto -the anode Land in effect biases :the anode toegatively relative to the cathode. The leading-.edge of the positive plate ;.keying'p,ulse wave form .has :a rising slope. The-voltage :supplied by battery 102 :being :so tpoled ns to oppose the plate keying pulse, the -time Aat which the leading edge of ,the plate pulse :keys the `anode .circuit .of tube 32 -into yconductivityis delayed. This feature'is referred to ias voltage delay.

Continuing with theFig. 2 embodiment, =we substitute for the winding 38, shown betweenterminals Q and Z (Fig. l) the combination of a winding 38 andatime-delay network .comprising `an inductor 103 and a resistor 104, the winding 38 and the .inductor 103 (Fig. .2) lbeing in series:between-terminalsZ and Q- (Fig. :1) and-the resistor 104 vbeingconnected across .the series combination. This feature is referred to as coil delay.

The operation .of the illustrative delay network V103, 104 and voltage delay bias of Fig. 2 will `become apparent in the light of the following discussion: (l) It will be understood that the length of any given blanking .period is predetermined and fixed by the standards ofzthe Federal Communications Commission; .(2) when the horizontal system is in synchronism, there is .normally Aa time delay between the initiation of ,the .blanking signal and the initiation of the line-frequency synchronizing pulses. Therefore, in the absence ofthe vdelay network, there would be a considerable lag .between the leading edge of the vblanlring pulse and :the lfollowing 'initiation of :line retrace. Itis `necessary Ito complete line retrace before therend ofthe blanking interval, and .it is desirable to gutilize more vof the blanking-interval for sweep retrace than :that which is utilized in the `absence of the .delay features.

The .inherent characteristics of the AFC system -as hereinabove described, neglecting for the moment the delay network, are such :as to establish, as a necessary condition ifor operation, a limited range .of phase displacement between the initiation of retraceand the initiation ofthe plate-keying pulses. The delay network affords such control that the initiation .of the platefkeying pulse .can be made to occur atan optimum itimefollowing the initiation of retrace. This is a desirable feature which permits relatively wider latitude inthe design of horizontal deflection circuits.

We effectively phase-advance the initiation of line retrace relative to the initiation of the plate-keying pulse by delaying the Vkeying pulse in the delay network. The mere fact that the vplate keying pulse is delayed relative to retrace does Vnot in any way alter the predetermined phase relationship at synchronism between the plate lkeying pulse and the received synchronizing pulse, .which latter is established by the predetermined developed lAFC potential. The system thus so operates as to bring the delayed keying pulse into average synchronism with `the input synchronizing pulse. `But since retrace ,time .is effectively phase-advanced with respect to the plate keying pulse, it follows that retrace time is phase .advanced with respect to the initiation of the -blanking interval. Therefore, the circuitry of Fig. 2 `permits .the utilization of `more of the blanking interval during the retrace period and effectively prevents picture folding. It will be understood that by, in effect, phase-advancing the vinitiation of retrace relative to the initiation of the lplate'keying pulse, we advance the average beginning of ,line retrace relative to the vreceived synchronizing pulse, and the blankingpulse. Thus, we cause alarger portion of retrace `to occur during the blanking period.

1t will be understood that any suitable artificial delay network can be substituted for the elements 103 and 104, and that the elements 103 vand 104 can be made variable to vary the Aplate keyingpulse by .the optimum amount. Suitable parameters are:

Resistor 104 fo'hms..- 10,000 Coil 103 millihenries-.. 20

In Fig. v3 there is shown agmodied form .of circuitfior applying keying pulses to anode 84. Terminal'Z fFig. 1) may be connected 'to ground (Fig. 3) instead ofzto terminal W. interposed between winding .38 and terminal Q is a coupling capacitor (Fig. 3). Aresistor 106 is Aconnected between terminal W and terminal Q, which is directly .connected to plate :84. Inzthis. shunt-feed platesupply circuit tube 32 plate rectiiies into l:the integrating circuit 87, `88, and keying pulses are .applied to anode-$4 from winding 38 through .capacitor 105. Suitable parameters are:

Capacitor 105 micromicrofarads..- 100 Resistor `106 ..ohms 10,000

.The circuits illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 are ldisclosed and claimed in U. S. Patent 2,545,346 to Edelsohn .and U. `S. Patent 2,632,050 to Parker.

In Fig. 4 is shown a series combination .of `an inductor 107 and resistor 26' which ,may be placed between :terminals X and Y of the video amplitieroutput circuit, -in lieu of ,resistor 26. The Fig. 4 4circuit is disclosed and claimed in U. S. Patent 2,630,050 to Wissel. 'This circuit takes advantage of the Aknown fact `that a two-branch combination, one branch of which includesan inductance and a resistance in series and the other branch :of which includes capacitance and resistance, can :be made frequency independent in the sense that such a circuit can be made to look like substantially -a pure resistancepat all input frequencies. Specifically, it is `known ,that condition prevails when the two resistance-parameters in the separate arms are equal to a quantity R and .the .inductance and capacitance parameters are .so :made that is equal tothe quantity R. The above-mentioned equivalent impedance is also equal to R lat all frequencies. The input circuit is the equivalent of the resistor and eapacitor in 4series and that can be made one branch of the combination. The other branch of the combination is `provided by 4inductor 107 .and resistor 26 in series. It is fortuitous that the resistor values of 26' and '34 are usually of nearly equal value. Thus, in effect, we have added a sync separator load 4with its attendant capacity without in any way disturbing the performance of the video amplifier alone. Suitable parameters for the Fig. 4 circuit are:

Tube ,32 6AU6.

lnductor107 920 .microhenries Capacitor Cn 20 micromicrofaradsincluding distributed capacity.

Resistor 2 6' 6800 ohms.

Resistor 34 6800 ohms.

Other yparameters as in Fig. :1.

In Fig. 5 there is illustrated `a sync separator `charging circuit which may be substituted for the elements 34 and 35 (between terminals P and V) in Fig. l. 'The Fig. 5 circuitry is disclosed and claimed in U. S. Patent 2,651,675 to Wissel. This circuit comprises a 4resistor 110 in series with a two-branch circuit, one branch of which comprises a relatively small capacitor 112 and the other branch of which comprises a series combination of a resistor 113 and a relatively large capacitor 114. This circuit enables us to more nearly reconcile the conflicting requirements of enhanced noise immunity and eflicient synchronizing signal separation.

A Adiscussion of the usual conventional sync separator charging circuit will make clear the advantages of the charging circuit lillustrated in Fig. 5. The conventional charging circuit involves a single relatively large'capacitor in place of the network 112, 113 and `114. This yusual condenser can absorb a relatively -largeamount `of energy from high yamplitude noise pulses. When Iit. becomes chargedto a 'level above the normal sync-pulse amplitude 13 level, the long discharge or recovery time keeps the following tube effectively blocked for many succeeding horizontal synchronizing pulses. During this period of time effective sync separation does not take place. If the usual sync capacitor is made small enough to discharge quickly (that is, given a time constant on the order of line-frequency), synchronizing signal separation is impaired, because the capacitor discharges during the interval between lines and permits video and pedestal components to affect the cathode current. Additionally, due to the variation of the charge voltage, the eiective direct current developed is reduced. This grid current is a measure of grid rectification etHciency and accordingly a single small capacitor causes such efficiency to be reduced. The efiiciency then is increased during the vertical sync period, due to the larger duty cycle, and thus the amplitude of the separated synchronizing pulses varies during a vertical sync interval.

The circuit illustrated in Fig. recognizes the relatively constant amplitude of the received television signal (without noise interference) and the timing and duty cycles of the horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses. Capacitor 112 is made small, so that it does not store any more energy than is necessary to acquire a suicient charge during each horizontal synchronizing pulse. The primary discharge path of capacitor 112 is through the time constant circuit comprising resistor 113 and capacitor 114. Energy is stored in capacitor 114 primarily by reason of the discharge of capacitor 112 and the main charge of the system is stored in capacitor 114. Capacitor 114 in effect maintains the average level and capacitor 112 provides for small variations. lSince capacitor 114 cannot be quickly charged during a vertical pulse (due to the relatively large value of resistor 113), the time constant of its discharge path which is the product of parameters 114 and 36 (elements 37 and 85 being low enough in impedance so as not to aiect this discharge current appreciably) can be made relatively short. This makes practical the use of a capacitor 114 smaller in value than the single one heretofore used for charging purposes.

The time constant for the primary charged path for capacitor 112 (i. e., resistor 110, capacitor 112, and the cathodegrid resistance of tube 32) is made on the order of the horizontal synchronizing pulse duration (ve microseconds). pacitor 114 (dependent on the product of the values of capacitor 112 and resistor 113) is on the order of the period between the initiation of each line (approximately 60 microseconds) and the discharge time constant for capacitor 114 (the product of the value of capacitor 114 and the sum of resistance values: resistor 110, resistor 113, and resistor 36) approximates the duration of one field (one-sixtieth second).

' Suitable parameters are as follows:

This circuit functions eiectively in recognizing the level of the television synchronizing pulses which are relatively constant in amplitude and continually recurring and discriminating against occasional higher amplitude vand longer pulses of noise which would give false information to other circuits of similar eiciency.

Referring now to the embodiment of the invention specifically disclosed in Fig. 6, there is illustrated an alternative form of the invention in which screen -grid pulses are integrated to form the stripped vertical synchronizing pulses. lt has been observed that'in the Fig. l system the final step in the development of stripped vertical synchronizing pulses (i. e., the pulses applied to the The discharge time constant into cacurrentpulses which are generated during the peaks of the synchronizing signal voltages applied to the control electrode 81. It has also been pointed out that the cathode current iiow in tube 32 includes as its major portion the space current as defined in column 6, lines 59-62, and also grid current, which current is relatively small as to total energy content with respect to space current. ln the Fig. l embodiment the stripped vertical pulses are formed by integration of cathode current, but the essential feature is that they be formed by integration of at least a part of the space current and they need not necessarily be formed by the space current plus the con trol grid current. They may also be formed by integration of screen current, which is a part of the space current as defined in column 6, lines 66-68. The Fig. 6 embodiment shows how this may be done. The input circuit of the Fig. embodiment is substantially the same as in Fig. i, there being provided a grid resistor 120 between terminals V and M, and input coupling capacitor 35 and series grid resistor 34. It will be understood that the plate circuit connections for the Fig. 6 embodiment are precisely the same as those illustrated in Fig. 1. However, the cathode by-pass capacitor 121 in accordance with Fig. 6 truly functions as a by-pass and is considerably larger than capacitor (Fig. l). Further, the cathode resistor 122 in Fig. 6 is provided as a bias resistor simply in order to prevent overloading the tube 32 in the absence of any signals whatever. In the Fig. 6 embodiment the elements 121, 122 are simply an overload prevention and by-pass arrangement, and they do not function as an integrating network for the formation of the vertical sync pulses. The screen 83 is connected to an appropriate source of screen potential (the positive terminal of which is indicated by the symbol +B) by a screen dropping resistor 123. A capacitor 124 is'connected between ground and the junction of screen grid 83 and resistor 123 in order to integrate the screen grid current pulses which ow during the peaks of the applied synchronizing signals. The junction of resistor 123 and capacitor 124 is coupled to the vertical defiecting system as by a coupling capacitor 125, so that the vertical deiiecting system is directly triggered by the stripped vertical synchronizing pulse output from capacite-r 124, which as indicated integrates screen current pulses to provide the stripped vertical synchronizing pulses. The following illustrative parameters are suitable:

Resistor ohms-- 560,000 Resistor 123 do 10,000 Resistor 122 ..-do 1000 Capacitor 121 -microfarads-- 4 Capacitor 124 do 0.02

Like reference numerals are employed throughout to designate like circuit elements, and reference numerals primed are employed to designate circuit elements which are generally similar to those illustrated in Fig. 1. Therefore, the Fig. 7 embodiment and the other alternative forms of the invention illustrated herein need not be discussed in detail, but only in the respects `wherein they depart from Fig. l. Referring now further to Fig. 7, there is shown an embodiment of the invention in which the plate 84 is not keyed for the purpose of developing the plate circuit output pulses, but in which the suppressor electrode 94 is employed for the purpose of diverting screen current to the plate circuit and in that manner causing the plate pulses to be developed. In this embodiment terminal Z is grounded and terminal Q is connected' to the suppressor electrode, the latter being disconnected from the cathode. Winding 38; which applies keying pulses to.suppressor electrode 94, is connected between terminals Q and Z, i. e., between suppressor and ground. The integrating circuit 87, 88 is connected between anode 84 and ground, terminal W (and not Q) being connected to the anode. Ille cathode and grid circuits are as shown vertical deilecting system 86) is integration of the cathode 75 in Fig. l. In the Fig. 7 embodiment the output plate pulses lare produced by Ysuppressorelectrorle ikeying fas distinguished from 'anodefkeying '1n Fig. 8 'thereiis shown a modified .form of integrating circuit suitable for inclusion in the Fig. 'l embodiment. Between terminals S and l are .placed 'two parallel fcombinations, one comprisingresistorz and `capacitor 134, the othercomprising resistor 135 and capacitor 136. This circuit has a significant advantage in that it provides a relatively large degenerative cathode bias during the periods of the vertical vsync pulses, thereby rendering the tube less sensitive 'to the coupling of vertical signal information into the `horizontal `AFC system, :which ycoupling is inherent in all pulsewidth control systems. Suitable parameters are:

Resistor 132 -ohms 47.00 Capacitor 134 -microfarads `0.025 Resistor 135 ohms-- .1000 Capacitor 136 microfarads-- 0.1

Since the-vertical syncptulse output is taken off 'at the junction of the two networks, this cathode bias is made large and at'the same time the stripped vertical pulse amplitude is not rendered excessive.

While there have been shown and described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it willbe obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made within the teachings of the invention and thetrue scope of the appended claims. For example, a beam tube such as a beam vpower tetrode may -be substituted for the pentode tube herein illustratively shown, particularly in the Fig. l and other embodiments in which the plate circuit is keyed.

Having fully disclosed our invention, we claim:

l. In a 'television receiver of the type which Vincludes a source of negative phase picture signals including video components and positive-polarity horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulse components, la directly triggered vertical deiiecting system and an indirectly synchronized horizontal deflecting system of the type which has an oscillator devise vcontrolled by a unidirectional 'frequency-control potential, a circuit for separating synchronizing pulses from the composite signals and 'for applying stripped vertical triggering pulses to the vertical system and the undirectional control potential to the horizontal system, comprising, in combination: an electronic tube having at least a cathode, a control electrode, a screengrid and an anode, means for applying said picture signals to the control cletrode circuit of said Atube including Vgrid-biasing means for confining cathode-current conductivity of said tube during broadcast reception to the periods of said synchronizing pulses, 4an integrating circuit comprising a parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor in the cathode circuit of .said 4tube for 'stripping the .vertical vtriggering pulses from the composite signals by integration of cathode current, said grid-biasing 4means including a resistor connected between said control'electrode and said cathode, means for applying said vertical triggering pulses to the vertical deectin-g system, means lfor supplying potential tothe screen to cooperate with ythe grid bias tocause cathode current to flow only during the -application of vsaid synchronizing pulses .to said control electrode 4and in an amount substantially independent of applied anode voltage, keying means coupled to the horizontal deecting system and in circuit with said anode vfor applying positive retrace pulses ,to the anode of said tube to vproduce pulses of plate current by diversion of some of the cathode current from screen to anode during periods of coincidence between said retrace pulses and the horizontal synchronizing components of said picture signals, means in series with said anode for .integrating vsaid plate-.current pulses into said desired unidirectional .control potential, and means comprisinga direct-conductive connection from said yintegrating means to said oscillator device for apply- 16 ing 4said control :potential :to said oscillator in 4said horizontal fdetlecting system.

.2 In atelevision receiver of the type :which Aincludes .a source of Anegative `phase picture signals including video components and positive-polarity horizontal `and vertical synchronizing pulse components, a directly triggered vertical deflecting systemand an indirectly 'synchronized horizontal fdedecting system of the type which has fan oscillator controlled by a unidirectional frequency-control potential, -acircuit'for separating synchronizing pulses from the composite signals :and for applying stripped vertical triggering pulses to 'the vertical system and the unidirec tional ycontrol potential to the horizontal system, comprising, 'in combination: 1an electronic tube having at least a cathodafa control electrode, a lscreen grid and an anode,

means for applying said picture signals to the lcontrol electrode Icircuit of said tube comprising Agrid-biasing means including a resistor connected between said cathode and control electrode `for confining cathode current conductivit'y of said tube during broadcast reception to the periods-of said synchronizing pulses, means in the 'cathode' circuit of said tube for stripping the vertical triggering pulses by integration of cathode current, means for 4applying 4said vertical triggering pulses to the vertical dellecting system, means -for supplying such potential tothe vscreen that cathode current flows only during the application =of said synchronizing pulses-to said'control electrode and in yan amount rsubstantially independent of applied anode voltage, Ikeying -means coupled to the horizontal deiiecting system and in circuit with said anode for ap plyin'g positive horizontal deflection-rate pulses to the anode of said tube to produce pulses of plate current by diversion ofsome 'of the cathode current from screen to anode yduring-periods iof coincidence between said retrace pulses and the horizontal synchronizing components df said picture signals, means in series with said anode for integrating sa'id lplate-current pulses into said desired unidirectional "control potential, and means comprising a direct `conductive connection from said integrating means to said oscillator for applying said control potential to said oscillator in said horizontal deffecting system.

3. in a television receiver of the type which includes a source of 'negative phase picture signals vincluding video components audpositive-polarity horizontal and vertical synchronizingpulse components, a directly 'triggered vertical de'ecting system and an indirectly synchronized horizontal detiecting system of the type which has an .oscillator controlled by a unidirectional frequency-control poteu'tia'l, a circuit for separating synchronizing pulses from the composite signals and for applying stripped vertical triggering pulses to the vertical system and the unidirectional control potential tothe horizontal system, comprising, in combination: an electronic tube providing two space-current paths and having atleast a cathode, a control electrode, a screen and an outer electrode, means for applying said composite signals to the control electrode circuit of said tube comprising grid-biasing means including a Vresistor connected between said cathode and control electrode for confining space current conductivity of said tube during broadcast reception to the periods of said synchronizing pulses, means comprising a parallel combination of lresistance and capacitance in a space current pathand 'in series with the cathode for stripping the vertical itriggering pulses from the composite signals by integration Aof at lleast a part of said space current, means for applying said vertical triggering pulses to the vertical deilecting system, means for supplying 4such potential to said screen that space current ows in only one of said paths during the application of said synchronizing pulses to -said "control electrode in an amount substantially -independent of applied anode voltage, keying means coupled to the horizontal rdeflecting system for applying positive retrace :pulses to said outer electrode to produce pulses of current in said -other path by diversion of some of the space current from said screen during periods of coincidence between said retrace pulses and the horizontal synchronizing components ot' said picture signals, means in series with said outer electrode for integrating said pulses in said other path into said desired unidirectional control potential, and means comprising a direct conductive connection from said integrating means to said oscillator for applying said control potential to said oscillator in said horizontal deflecting system.

4. In a television receiver ot the type which includes a source of negative phase picture signals comprising video components and horizontal and vertical synchronizing signal components and a horizontal deflecting system providing a source of positive horizontal iiyback pulses, the improvement which comprises the following, in combination: a pentode or beam tube having a cathode, a control grid, a screen grid, and an anode, means for applying said picture signals to the control electrode circuit including self-biasing means having a resistor connected between said control electrode and cathode and constituring with said cathode and control grid a grid circuit sync clipper which allows grid current to ow only during the peaks of the synchronizing components and contines cathode current to the periods of said synchronizing cornponents, means in the cathode circuit for deriving stripped vertical syncnronizing pulses from recurrent bursts oi cathode current, means connected to said anode for ap'- plying said iiy-back pulses to the anode-cathode circuit of said tube whereby said tube generates periodic anode pulses oy diversion of cathode current from said screen to said anode, the width of which varies with the phase dierence between said tlyback pulses and said horizontal synchronizing components, means for so positively biasing said screen that said cathode current is substantially independent of said iyback pulses, means in circuit with said anode for integrating said anode pulses into a unidirectional horizontal frequencycontrol potential, and means comprising adirect conductive connection from said integrating means to said deiiecting system for applying said control potential to said horizontal detlecting system.

5. In a television receiver of the type which includes a source of negative phase picture signals comprising video components and horizontal and vertical synchronizing signal components and a horizontal deilecting system providing a source of positive horizontal yback pulses, the improvement which comprises the following, in combination: a pentode or beam tube having a cathode, a control grid, a screen grid, and an anode, means for applying said picture signals to the control electrode circuit including self-biasing means having a resistor connected between said control electrode and cathode and constituting with said cathode and control grid a grid circuit sync clipper which allows grid current to tlow only during the peaks of the synchronizing components and contines space current flow to the periods of said synchronizing components, means comprising a parallel combination of resistance and capacitance in series with the cathode for deriving stripped vertical synchronizing pulses from recurrent bursts of space current, means connected to said anode for applying said iiyback pulses to the anode-cathode circuit of said tube whereby said tube generates periodic anode pulses by diversion of space current from said screen to .s id anode during intervals of coincidence between ilyback and synchronizing pulses, the width of said anode pulses varying with the phase diiierence between said ilyback pulses and said horizontal synchronizing components, means for so positively biasing said screen that said space current is substantially independent of said tiyback pulses, means in circuit with said anode for integrating said anode pulses into a unidirectional horizontal frequency-control potential, and means comprising a direct conductive connection from said integrating means to said deecting system for applying said control potential to said horizontal detlecting system.

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,176,663 Browne et al Oct. 17, 1939 2,227,056 Blumlein et al Dec. 3l, 1940 2,227,066 Cork et al. Dec. 31, 1940 2,230,295 Holmes Feb. 4, 1941 2,293,528 Barco et al Aug. 18, 1942 2,307,375 Blumlein et al Jan. 5, 1943 2,307,387 Blumlein J an. 5, 1943 2,411,695 Rade Nov. 26, 1946 2,559,038 Bass July 3, 1951 2,585,929 Gruen Feb. 19, 1952 2,585,930 .Gruen Feb. 19, 1952 2,601,415 Oliver June 24, 1952 2,656,414 Roschke et al. Oct. 20, 1953 FOREIGN PATENTS 845,897 France Sept. 4, 1939 

